Compare the Carbon Footprint of a Vegan Burger to a Beef Burger
Carbon Footprint of Food:
Stopping Climate Change with Diet Change?
Overview and Summary
Introduction
This summary presents an overview of WPF’s latest report evaluating the Carbon Footprint of plant- versus animal-based protein sources of nutrition. The findings are compelling as they demonstrate the exceptional and significant GHG reductions a worldwide shift from plant- to animal-based proteins would entail. The full report (with references) and corresponding presentation will be available for download on the World Preservation Foundation website in March 2011. Summary here follows:
The quest for sustainable consumption
One of the most effective ways to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions – along with the recent series of weather-related disasters spurred by climate change – is to adopt sustainable lifestyles via heightened consumer awareness. Policies aimed at sustainable living and consumption patterns are increasingly focusing on this challenge, with the insights gained through the carbon footprint of various food products in particular gaining greater awareness and emphasis of address.
The efficacy of the Carbon Footprint (CF) metric
Carbon Footprint (CF), which quantifies the global warming impacts of products from a life cycle perspective, has gained prominence as a holistic approach, where environmental or ecological protection promotes the idea of carbon emission accounting from the very beginning of a product’s life, rather than a simplistic (and narrow) perspective of the control of emission towards the end. CF methodology has developed from (and involves) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), an ISO-standardized environmental accounting tool applied in research and industry for systematically monitoring the inventory of materials, resources and energy inputs and emission outputs to air, water and land associated with each stage of a given product life cycle.
Methodology of evaluating plant-based and livestock production systems’ CF
For the five plant-based agricultural systems (potatoes, corn, tomatoes, rice, soybean and peas –of which meat analogs are also composed), the total CF is calculated according to:
- Fertilizer input is allocated to the final output of 1 kg crop/cereal/vegetable product
- Emissions of N2O due to fertilizers usage at farms, based on (1)
- Energy requirements and associated emissions for farming operations are allocated to the final output of 1 kg crop/cereal/vegetable product
- Farming operations in (3) include cultivation, harvesting, milling, cooling and packaging. It assumed that no freezing is necessary
- Nitrogen-based fertilizer inputs, which make up 70% of fertilizer usage in agriculture.
For the beef, pork and chicken production systems, the total CF is calculated according to:
- Feed input is allocated according to the final output of 1 kg meat product
- Energy requirements for the total feed required for each animal is adjusted to (1)
- Energy requirements and associated emissions for farming operations are allocated according to the final output of 1 kg meat product
- GHG from livestock are based on 1 kg (bone-free and ready to cook) meat output
- Energy requirements for all slaughterhouse and meat processing activities, and their associated GHGs, are allocated according to the final output of 1 kg meat

Sample Results & Summary
Total Carbon Footprint of various food types according to GWP100
Example of GHG savings (prevented) due to global switch from meat to plant-based meat analogs
Overall, the CF for all meals derived from meat analogs or plants are less carbon intensive, compared to meat-based meals. Goodland and Anhang (2009) projected that meat and dairy analogs will not only help to slow climate change but will also ease the global food crisis. This is because meat analogs (comprising various crop-proteins; the full details of the analog constituents are presented in the full report) require a much smaller quantity of resources to produce any given number of calories. The bar chart shows that GHG emissions from meat analogs options are comparatively minimal, with the graphic illustrating how a simple switch from a selected meat-based meal to meat analog meal saves a total of over 26 billion tons of CO2-eq. Such GHG savings actually come from diverting tremendous amounts of resource, land, and energy use away from livestock within the meat food production chain, together with subsequent nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions prevention.



